(Unit 5) Major Industries & Mineral Resource
Indian Geography (Unit 5)
Major Industries
Distribution of Major Industries: Location Factors
World’s Major Industries
Yes, there are lot many industries, and it is not possible to analyze location details of all. So we are limiting this post on world’s major industries (article courtesy : NCERT). Our focus is on three major industries in the world, but aspirants are advised to go through other industries like petroleum, fertilizers, automobile, pharmaceuticals, sugar etc too.
The world’s major industries are:
- Iron and steel industry – Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia.
- Textile industry – India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
- Information technology industry – Silicon valley of Central California and the Bangalore region of India.
The iron and steel and textile industry are the older industries while information technology is an emerging industry.
Iron and Steel Industry
Like other industries iron and steel industry too comprises various inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs for the industry include raw materials such as iron ore, coal and limestone, along with labour, capital, site and other infrastructure. The process of converting iron ore into steel involves many stages. The raw material is put in the blast furnace where it undergoes smelting. It is then refined. The output obtained is steel which may be used by other industries as raw material.
The Indian iron and steel industry consists of large integrated steel plants as well as mini steel mills. It also includes secondary producers, rolling mills and ancillary industries.
Changes in locations: Before 1800 A.D. iron and steel industry was located where raw materials, power supply and running water were easily available. Later the ideal location for the industry was near coal fields and close to canals and railways. After 1950, iron and steel industry began to be located on large areas of flat land near sea ports. This is because by this time steel works had become very large and iron ore had to be imported from overseas.
Locations in India: In India, iron and steel industry has developed taking advantage of raw materials, cheap labour, transport and market. All the important steel producing centres such as Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over four states — West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Salem in Tamil Nadu are other important steel centres utilising local resources. India’s steel production increased from one million tonne in 1947 to 30 million tonnes in 2002.
Why Jamshedpur? Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel plant in the country – Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO). It was privately owned. After Independence, the government took the initiative and set up several iron and steel plants. TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand. Later on Sakchi was renamed as Jamshedpur. Geographically, Jamshedpur is the most conveniently situated iron and steel centre in the country.
Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons. This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line. It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a large market. TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Odisha and Chhattisgarh. The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply. Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.
The development of the iron and steel industry opened the doors to rapid industrial development in India. Almost all sectors of the Indian industry depend heavily on the iron and steel industry for their basic infrastructure.
Why Pittsburgh? It is an important steel city of the United States of America. The steel industry at Pittsburgh enjoys locational advantages. Some of the raw material such as coal is available locally, while the iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh. Between these mines and Pittsburgh is one of the world’s best routes for shipping ore cheaply – the famous Great Lakes waterway. Trains carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh area. The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.
Today, very few of the large steel mills are in Pittsburgh itself. They are located in the valleys of the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers above Pittsburgh and along the Ohio River below it. Finished steel is transported to the market by both land and water routes. The Pittsburgh area has many factories other than steel mills. These use steel as their raw material to make many different products such as railroad equipment, heavy machinery and rails.
Cotton Textile Industry
Weaving cloth from yarn is an ancient art. Cotton, wool, silk, jute, flax have been used for making cloth. The textile industry can be divided on the basis of raw materials used in them. Fibres are the raw material of textile industry. Fibres can be natural or man-made. Natural fibres are obtained from wool, silk, cotton, linen and jute. Man-made fibres include nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon. The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world. Till the industrial revolution in the 18th century, cotton cloth was made using hand spinning techniques (wheels) and looms. In 18th century power looms facilitated the development of cotton textile industry, first in Britain and later in other parts of the world. Today India, China, Japan and the USA are important producers of cotton textiles.
India has a glorious tradition of producing excellent quality cotton textiles. Before the British rule, Indian hand spun and hand woven cloth already had a wide market. The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara were known worldwide for their quality and design. But the production of hand woven cotton textile was expensive and time consuming. Hence, traditional cotton textile industry could not face the competition from the new textile mills of the West, which produced cheap and good quality fabrics through mechanized industrial units.
Why Mumbai? The first successful mechanized textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. The warm, moist climate, a port for importing machinery, availability of raw material and skilled labour resulted in rapid expansion of the industry in the region. Initially this industry flourished in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat because of favourable humid climate. But today, humidity can be created artificially, and raw cotton is a pure and not weight losing raw material, so this industry has spread to other parts of India. Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Puducherry and Panipat are some of the other important centres.
Why Ahmedabad? It is located in Gujarat on the banks of the Sabarmati river. The first mill was established in 1859. It soon became the second largest textile city of India, after Mumbai. Ahmedabad was therefore often referred to as the ‘Manchester of India’. Favourable locational factors were responsible for the development of the textile industry in Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad is situated very close to cotton growing area. This ensures easy availability of raw material. The climate is ideal for spinning and weaving. The flat terrain and easy availability of land is suitable for the establishment of the mills. The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semi-skilled labour. Well-developed road and railway network permits easy transportation of textiles to different parts of the country, thus providing easy access to the market. Mumbai port nearby facilitates import of machinery and export of cotton textiles.
But in the recent years, Ahmedabad textile mills have been having some problems. Several textile mills have closed down. This is primarily due to the emergence of new textile centres in the country as well as non- upgradation of machines and technology in the mills of Ahmedabad.
Why Osaka? It is an important textile centre of Japan, also known as the ‘Manchester of Japan’. The textile industry developed in Osaka due to several geographical factors. The extensive plain around Osaka ensured that land was easily available for the growth of cotton mills. Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving. The river Yodo provides sufficient water for the mills. Labour is easily available. Location of port facilitates import of raw cotton and for exporting textiles. The textile industry at Osaka depends completely upon imported raw materials. Cotton is imported from Egypt, India, China and USA. The finished product is mostly exported and has a good market due to good quality and low price. Though it is one of the important textile cities in the country, of late, the cotton textile industry of Osaka has been replaced by other industries, such as iron and steel, machinery, shipbuilding, automobiles, electrical equipment and cement.
Information Technology (IT)
The information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information. Today, this industry has become global. This is due to a series of technological, political, and socio-economic events. The main factors guiding the location of these industries are resource availability, cost and infrastructure. The major hubs of the IT industry are the Silicon Valley, California and Bangalore, India.
Why Silicon Valley? Silicon Valley is a part of Santa Clara Valley, located next to the Rocky Mountains of North America. The area has temperate climate with the temperatures rarely dropping below 0 degrees centigrade.
Why Bangalore? Bangalore is located on the Deccan Plateau from where it gets the name ‘Silicon Plateau’. The city is known for its mild climate throughout the year. There are other emerging information technology hubs in metropolitan centres of India such as Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad and Chennai. Other cities such as Gurgaon, Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Kochi and Chandigarh are also important centres of the IT industry. However, Bangalore has always had a unique advantage, as a city with highest availability of middle and top management talent.
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Mineral Resource
• India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources due to its varied geological structure.
• On the basis of chemical and physical properties, minerals may be grouped under two main categories of metallics and non-metallics.
• Metallic minerals are the sources of metals. Iron ore, copper, gold produce metal and are included in this category. Metallic minerals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic minerals. All those minerals which have iron content are ferrous such as iron ore itself and those which do not have iron content are non-ferrous such as copper, bauxite, etc.
• Non-metallic minerals are either organic in origin such as fossil fuels also known as mineral fuels which are derived from the buried animal and plant life such as coal and petroleum. Other type of non-metallic minerals are inorganic in origin such as mica, limestone and graphite, etc.
• On the basis of chemical and physical properties, minerals may be grouped under two main categories of metallics and non-metallics.
• Metallic minerals are the sources of metals. Iron ore, copper, gold produce metal and are included in this category. Metallic minerals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic minerals. All those minerals which have iron content are ferrous such as iron ore itself and those which do not have iron content are non-ferrous such as copper, bauxite, etc.
• Non-metallic minerals are either organic in origin such as fossil fuels also known as mineral fuels which are derived from the buried animal and plant life such as coal and petroleum. Other type of non-metallic minerals are inorganic in origin such as mica, limestone and graphite, etc.
Mineral Belts of India
(1) North-Eastern Peninsular Belt:
• It is the richest mineral belt of India.
• Comprises of Chotanagpur plateau and Orissa plateau in Jharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa.
• The Chhotanagpur plateau is known as the mineral heart land of India, also Ruhr of India.
• It contains large quantities of coal, iron, manganese, mica, bauxite, Copper, Chromites, and Kyanite.
(1) North-Eastern Peninsular Belt:
• It is the richest mineral belt of India.
• Comprises of Chotanagpur plateau and Orissa plateau in Jharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa.
• The Chhotanagpur plateau is known as the mineral heart land of India, also Ruhr of India.
• It contains large quantities of coal, iron, manganese, mica, bauxite, Copper, Chromites, and Kyanite.
(2) Central Belt:
• It is the 2nd largest mineral belt of India.
• Comprises of Chhattisgarh, M.P, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
• It has large deposits of Manganese, bauxite, limestone, marble, coal, gems (Panna), mica, iron ore, graphite, etc.
• It is the 2nd largest mineral belt of India.
• Comprises of Chhattisgarh, M.P, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
• It has large deposits of Manganese, bauxite, limestone, marble, coal, gems (Panna), mica, iron ore, graphite, etc.
(3) Southern Belt:
• It comprises mostly of Karnataka plateau and contiguous T.N. upland.
• It lacks coal deposits except lignite at Neyveli (T.N.).
• It is more or less similar to northeastern peninsular belt as far as deposits of ferrous minerals and bauxite is concerned.
• It comprises mostly of Karnataka plateau and contiguous T.N. upland.
• It lacks coal deposits except lignite at Neyveli (T.N.).
• It is more or less similar to northeastern peninsular belt as far as deposits of ferrous minerals and bauxite is concerned.
(4) South-Western Belt:
• Southern Karnataka & Goa are included.
• It has deposits of iron-ore and clay.
• Southern Karnataka & Goa are included.
• It has deposits of iron-ore and clay.
(5) North-West Belt:
• Extends along the Aravallis in Rajasthan and in adjoining parts of Gujarat.
• Important minerals – Copper, lead, zinc, Uranium, mica, bauxite, gypsum, manganese, salt.
• Extends along the Aravallis in Rajasthan and in adjoining parts of Gujarat.
• Important minerals – Copper, lead, zinc, Uranium, mica, bauxite, gypsum, manganese, salt.
(6) The Indian Ocean
• Along with availability of petroleum and natural gas in the off shore areas the sea bed contains manganese nodules, phosphorite nodules and barium sulphate concentration
• The best quality nodules are found in water depths of more than 4000m.
• Phosphate nodules are mainly found near Andaman Islands.
• Along with availability of petroleum and natural gas in the off shore areas the sea bed contains manganese nodules, phosphorite nodules and barium sulphate concentration
• The best quality nodules are found in water depths of more than 4000m.
• Phosphate nodules are mainly found near Andaman Islands.
Distribution of minerals in India
• IRON-ORE
– India has the vast resources of iron ore, 20% of total world reserves not only quantitatively but qualitatively too as it contain iron upto 65% and sulphur never above 0.6%.
– Ore-Types
a) Haematite- Iron content up to 86%; of Dharwar & Chuddapah system of peninsular India; also called “Red Ores”; contribute about 85% of total production.
b) Magnetite- Iron content of 60%; of Dharwar & Chuddapah system of peninsula; also called “Block Ores”; contribute about 8% of total production.
c) Limonite- Iron content of 30-50%; prominent constituent of laterite; contribute 7% of total production.
– Occurance
a) Orissa– Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Sundergarh, Cuttak, Karaput.
b) Jharkhand– Singahbhum- Notu- Buru, Noamundi, Ansira Baru, Brajamda, Gua, Sasangda.
c) M.P– Bastar- Bailadila, Raoghat, Aridongri; Durg- Dhalli-Rajhara.
d) Goa (Black iron /Magnetite): North Goa: Pirna- Adolpale- Asnora; Central Goa: Tolsai- Dongarvado; South- Goa: Borgadongar, Netarlim,.
e) Karnataka: Bellary (Sandur-Hospet area), Chikmanglur, Kemmangundi(in Bababudan Hills), Kudremukh, Shimonga.
f) Andhra Pradesh: Jaggayapeta, Ramallakota, Veldurti, Nayudupetta, Baygarm.
g) T.N.: Coimbatore— Madurai, Tirunelveli, Ramnathpuram districts.
h) Maharashtra– Chandrapur, Ratnagiri.
• IRON-ORE
– India has the vast resources of iron ore, 20% of total world reserves not only quantitatively but qualitatively too as it contain iron upto 65% and sulphur never above 0.6%.
– Ore-Types
a) Haematite- Iron content up to 86%; of Dharwar & Chuddapah system of peninsular India; also called “Red Ores”; contribute about 85% of total production.
b) Magnetite- Iron content of 60%; of Dharwar & Chuddapah system of peninsula; also called “Block Ores”; contribute about 8% of total production.
c) Limonite- Iron content of 30-50%; prominent constituent of laterite; contribute 7% of total production.
– Occurance
a) Orissa– Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Sundergarh, Cuttak, Karaput.
b) Jharkhand– Singahbhum- Notu- Buru, Noamundi, Ansira Baru, Brajamda, Gua, Sasangda.
c) M.P– Bastar- Bailadila, Raoghat, Aridongri; Durg- Dhalli-Rajhara.
d) Goa (Black iron /Magnetite): North Goa: Pirna- Adolpale- Asnora; Central Goa: Tolsai- Dongarvado; South- Goa: Borgadongar, Netarlim,.
e) Karnataka: Bellary (Sandur-Hospet area), Chikmanglur, Kemmangundi(in Bababudan Hills), Kudremukh, Shimonga.
f) Andhra Pradesh: Jaggayapeta, Ramallakota, Veldurti, Nayudupetta, Baygarm.
g) T.N.: Coimbatore— Madurai, Tirunelveli, Ramnathpuram districts.
h) Maharashtra– Chandrapur, Ratnagiri.
• MANGANESE- ORE
– In India a major part of its deposit occurs in the form of sedimentary stratified metamorphic deposits of Gondite & Kodurite series in the Dharwar system of Peninsula which holds 90% of total reserves. India is the 3rd largest producer.
– Ore-Types:
a) Psilomelane : It has-manganese content around 50%.
b) Bronite: Manganese content varies between 52-54%.
c) Manganite : Manganese content’s less than 50%.
d) Hosmanite: Manganese content is less than 40%.
e) Polianite: Manganese content is less than 40%.
– Occurrence
a) Orissa: Sundargarh, Kalahandi (Nishikhal), Koraput (Kutinga), Bolangir, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj.
b) Maharashtra: Nagpur (Kodergaon, Gumgaon, Ramdongiri), Bhandara, Ratnagiri.
c) Karnakata: Shimoga, Chitradurga, Tumkur, Bellary, N. kanara.
d) Andhra Pradesh: Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam
e) M.P.: Balaghat, Chindwara, Jhabua, Jabalpur.
f) Gujarat: Panchmahal.
g) Jharkhand: Singhbhum.
– In India a major part of its deposit occurs in the form of sedimentary stratified metamorphic deposits of Gondite & Kodurite series in the Dharwar system of Peninsula which holds 90% of total reserves. India is the 3rd largest producer.
– Ore-Types:
a) Psilomelane : It has-manganese content around 50%.
b) Bronite: Manganese content varies between 52-54%.
c) Manganite : Manganese content’s less than 50%.
d) Hosmanite: Manganese content is less than 40%.
e) Polianite: Manganese content is less than 40%.
– Occurrence
a) Orissa: Sundargarh, Kalahandi (Nishikhal), Koraput (Kutinga), Bolangir, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj.
b) Maharashtra: Nagpur (Kodergaon, Gumgaon, Ramdongiri), Bhandara, Ratnagiri.
c) Karnakata: Shimoga, Chitradurga, Tumkur, Bellary, N. kanara.
d) Andhra Pradesh: Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam
e) M.P.: Balaghat, Chindwara, Jhabua, Jabalpur.
f) Gujarat: Panchmahal.
g) Jharkhand: Singhbhum.
• CROMITE
– Used for producing “Dasomium” which is used for producing stainless steel.
– Occurance
a) Orissa: Contributes 90% of the country’s total production, main centers are Sukinda (between Daiteri & Mahagiri Range) in cuttak, Nausahi in Keonjhar.
b) Karnataka: 2nd largest producer.
c) Maharashtra
d) Jharkhand: Singhbhum
e) T.N.: 96% of cromite is exported to Japan and the rest to Australia.
– Used for producing “Dasomium” which is used for producing stainless steel.
– Occurance
a) Orissa: Contributes 90% of the country’s total production, main centers are Sukinda (between Daiteri & Mahagiri Range) in cuttak, Nausahi in Keonjhar.
b) Karnataka: 2nd largest producer.
c) Maharashtra
d) Jharkhand: Singhbhum
e) T.N.: 96% of cromite is exported to Japan and the rest to Australia.
• PYRITE
– Occurance
a) Jharkhand- Sahabad (Amjhor, Kasisiyakoh, Kurriari).
b) T.N. – Arcot (Polur), Nilgiri (Pandalur- Devala- Nadghani region).
c) Karnataka – N. Kanara (Kaiga), Chittradurga (Indldhal).
d) Himachal Pradesh – Ashmi river.
e) Rajasthan- Sikar.
f) Meghalaya- Khasi, Jaintia.
– Occurance
a) Jharkhand- Sahabad (Amjhor, Kasisiyakoh, Kurriari).
b) T.N. – Arcot (Polur), Nilgiri (Pandalur- Devala- Nadghani region).
c) Karnataka – N. Kanara (Kaiga), Chittradurga (Indldhal).
d) Himachal Pradesh – Ashmi river.
e) Rajasthan- Sikar.
f) Meghalaya- Khasi, Jaintia.
• NICKEL
– It is a silvery metal which does not gather rust. It is therefore, much useful for plating purposes.
– Hardness and high malleability, high tensible strength, great elasticity, and resistance to abrasion, shock and corrosion are its special qualities. Nickel is therefore, largely used in ornament, aircraft, automobiles, industrial machinery etc.
– Occurrence in India
a) Cuttak & Mayurbhanj districts of Orissa have the major reserves of Nickel. The total reserves is of 5.8% crore tonnes of which 4.08 crore tonnes are in Kausa block and 1.5% crore tonnes in Saruabil – Sukaragi area. Sirkinda is another famous mine.
b) Some amount is also produced in Maharashtra, J&K, M.P.
c) India imports nickel to fulfill its domestic demand.
– It is a silvery metal which does not gather rust. It is therefore, much useful for plating purposes.
– Hardness and high malleability, high tensible strength, great elasticity, and resistance to abrasion, shock and corrosion are its special qualities. Nickel is therefore, largely used in ornament, aircraft, automobiles, industrial machinery etc.
– Occurrence in India
a) Cuttak & Mayurbhanj districts of Orissa have the major reserves of Nickel. The total reserves is of 5.8% crore tonnes of which 4.08 crore tonnes are in Kausa block and 1.5% crore tonnes in Saruabil – Sukaragi area. Sirkinda is another famous mine.
b) Some amount is also produced in Maharashtra, J&K, M.P.
c) India imports nickel to fulfill its domestic demand.
• TUNGESTION
– Its importance is due to the toughness, strength, hardness, and resistance to abrasion which it engenders in tool steels which retain their strength and efficiency at very high temperatures (3375°C) and speed. Tungsten carbide is a substance second only to diamond in hardness.
– Tungsten, also known as ‘high speed steel’, is highly desirable for valves in internal-combustion engines. It is also used in cold chisels, hack saws, files, razor blades, springs, armour plate, and armourpiercing shells.
– The most important and known use of tungsten is as a filament in electric light bulbs. Tungsten has high electric resistance and a very high melting point which allows a high degree of efficiency in the conversion of electricity into light.
– Principal Ore: Wol-framite and schedite.
– Occurance- Deganal near Rawat Hills in Rajasthan.
– Its importance is due to the toughness, strength, hardness, and resistance to abrasion which it engenders in tool steels which retain their strength and efficiency at very high temperatures (3375°C) and speed. Tungsten carbide is a substance second only to diamond in hardness.
– Tungsten, also known as ‘high speed steel’, is highly desirable for valves in internal-combustion engines. It is also used in cold chisels, hack saws, files, razor blades, springs, armour plate, and armourpiercing shells.
– The most important and known use of tungsten is as a filament in electric light bulbs. Tungsten has high electric resistance and a very high melting point which allows a high degree of efficiency in the conversion of electricity into light.
– Principal Ore: Wol-framite and schedite.
– Occurance- Deganal near Rawat Hills in Rajasthan.
• BAUXITE
– These deposit are mainly associated with laterite soil, formed in the Tertiary period.
– Up to 1988 India was an importer of aluminium but in 1993 India has become an important exporter of alumina, mainly to Italy, Germany, U.k., Japan.
– India contributes 14% of the world’s output which is second largest in the world after Australia.
– Occurrence
a) M.P.: Amarkantak Plateau- Sargujar, Raigarh, Bilaspur; Maikala Range – Balaghat; Katni Range – Jabalpur.
b) Jharkhand: Palamu, Lohardagga, Ranchi, Sahabad (Netarhat Plateau).
c) Gujarat: Jamnagar, Khaira, Kutch.
d) Maharashtra: Kolhapur, Kolaba, Satara, Ratnagiri,
e) Karnataka: Belgaum (Karle Hills, Jamboti, Bakur- Navge- Ridge)
f) T.N.: Salem, Nilgiri, Madurai ( Palni Hills, Kodaikanal Hills), Coimbatone (Sandabkuli).
g) Goa: Quepem, Canacora.
– These deposit are mainly associated with laterite soil, formed in the Tertiary period.
– Up to 1988 India was an importer of aluminium but in 1993 India has become an important exporter of alumina, mainly to Italy, Germany, U.k., Japan.
– India contributes 14% of the world’s output which is second largest in the world after Australia.
– Occurrence
a) M.P.: Amarkantak Plateau- Sargujar, Raigarh, Bilaspur; Maikala Range – Balaghat; Katni Range – Jabalpur.
b) Jharkhand: Palamu, Lohardagga, Ranchi, Sahabad (Netarhat Plateau).
c) Gujarat: Jamnagar, Khaira, Kutch.
d) Maharashtra: Kolhapur, Kolaba, Satara, Ratnagiri,
e) Karnataka: Belgaum (Karle Hills, Jamboti, Bakur- Navge- Ridge)
f) T.N.: Salem, Nilgiri, Madurai ( Palni Hills, Kodaikanal Hills), Coimbatone (Sandabkuli).
g) Goa: Quepem, Canacora.
• COPPER
– The development of electrical industries gave rise to unprecedented growth of copper industry, because of its conductivity of electrical energy, ductibility, and malleability.
– Copper plays a basic role in modem facilities for light; power and heat, in telephone, telegraph, and radio, in automobiles, railroad equipment, aeroplanes, and ships in refrigerators and other household appliances, and in weapons.
– It is also used for roofing, plumbing, hardware, utensils, jewellery, and decorative items.
– Copper occurs in three forms: (i) as native metal, in igneous rocks; (ii) as oxides and (iii) as sulphides. Although, sulphides have very little copper content (1 to 3 per cent), yet, 90% of the world’s total output is obtained as sulphides.
– Porphyries or pyrites rocks contain sulphides and oxides of copper. Copper minerals occur mostly in veins, therefore, the ore as mined contains a high percentage of rock material known as ‘gangue’.
– Copper ores in India are found as sulphides (Chalcopyrite, Chalcocite , Bronite), Oxide (Cuprite) and Carbanates (Malachite & Azurite).
– They generally occur in veins and in peninsular India in highly metamorphosed rocks.
– Occurance
a) Jharkhand – Singhbhum ( 50% of total country’s reserves at Mosabani, Rakha, Dhobani, Rajdah, Surdah, Pathargara, Tamapahar, Turamdih), Lota- pahar- Fault.
b) Rajasthan – Khetri- Singhana Area (Kolihan, Mandhan, Akwali, Berkhera), Kho- Dariba Area, Delwara- Kerovle Area.
c) M.P. – Balaghat (Malanjkhand, Madarkhand)
– The development of electrical industries gave rise to unprecedented growth of copper industry, because of its conductivity of electrical energy, ductibility, and malleability.
– Copper plays a basic role in modem facilities for light; power and heat, in telephone, telegraph, and radio, in automobiles, railroad equipment, aeroplanes, and ships in refrigerators and other household appliances, and in weapons.
– It is also used for roofing, plumbing, hardware, utensils, jewellery, and decorative items.
– Copper occurs in three forms: (i) as native metal, in igneous rocks; (ii) as oxides and (iii) as sulphides. Although, sulphides have very little copper content (1 to 3 per cent), yet, 90% of the world’s total output is obtained as sulphides.
– Porphyries or pyrites rocks contain sulphides and oxides of copper. Copper minerals occur mostly in veins, therefore, the ore as mined contains a high percentage of rock material known as ‘gangue’.
– Copper ores in India are found as sulphides (Chalcopyrite, Chalcocite , Bronite), Oxide (Cuprite) and Carbanates (Malachite & Azurite).
– They generally occur in veins and in peninsular India in highly metamorphosed rocks.
– Occurance
a) Jharkhand – Singhbhum ( 50% of total country’s reserves at Mosabani, Rakha, Dhobani, Rajdah, Surdah, Pathargara, Tamapahar, Turamdih), Lota- pahar- Fault.
b) Rajasthan – Khetri- Singhana Area (Kolihan, Mandhan, Akwali, Berkhera), Kho- Dariba Area, Delwara- Kerovle Area.
c) M.P. – Balaghat (Malanjkhand, Madarkhand)
• ZINC and LEAD
– The chief use of zinc is for galvanizing or coating iron and-steel to ‘make it resistant to rust.
– Another important use of zinc is in the form of alloys, for die casting, in which the molten metal is cast in steel dies to form small automobile and machinery parts and hardware items of various shape.
– The major zinc material is sphalerite a combination of zinc and sulphur. Zinc content of ores generally ranges from 2 to over 12 percent.
– It can be easily rolled or hammered into sheets, but unlike copper or iron, it lacks ductility, so it cannot be drawn out into wire.
– Its resistance to corrosion makes it exceptionally valuable for plumbing fixtures, storage batteries and for cable, widely used in telegraph and telephone industries.
– Galena, a combination of lead and sulphur is the principal ore of lead. Cerussite and anglesite are the other important lead minerals.
– Occurance
a) Rajasthan – Zawar deposit of Udaipur(Mochia-Mogra,Balaria, Zawarmala,Baroi,Baba-Hill), Taragarh Hill area (lead ore), Ajmer (Taragarh, Ganeshpura, sawar), Alwar (Jodhawas).
b) Andhra Pradesh – Zangamarajupalle (in Chuddapah district)
c) Bihar – Bhagalpur (Dudiar, Gauripur)
d) Jharkhand – Hazaribagh (Hatasu, Parasia), Santhal. Paragana (Panchpahar, Bhairkuhi, Sankera)
– The chief use of zinc is for galvanizing or coating iron and-steel to ‘make it resistant to rust.
– Another important use of zinc is in the form of alloys, for die casting, in which the molten metal is cast in steel dies to form small automobile and machinery parts and hardware items of various shape.
– The major zinc material is sphalerite a combination of zinc and sulphur. Zinc content of ores generally ranges from 2 to over 12 percent.
– It can be easily rolled or hammered into sheets, but unlike copper or iron, it lacks ductility, so it cannot be drawn out into wire.
– Its resistance to corrosion makes it exceptionally valuable for plumbing fixtures, storage batteries and for cable, widely used in telegraph and telephone industries.
– Galena, a combination of lead and sulphur is the principal ore of lead. Cerussite and anglesite are the other important lead minerals.
– Occurance
a) Rajasthan – Zawar deposit of Udaipur(Mochia-Mogra,Balaria, Zawarmala,Baroi,Baba-Hill), Taragarh Hill area (lead ore), Ajmer (Taragarh, Ganeshpura, sawar), Alwar (Jodhawas).
b) Andhra Pradesh – Zangamarajupalle (in Chuddapah district)
c) Bihar – Bhagalpur (Dudiar, Gauripur)
d) Jharkhand – Hazaribagh (Hatasu, Parasia), Santhal. Paragana (Panchpahar, Bhairkuhi, Sankera)
• GOLD
– Gold is used extensively for jewelley and many other articles, and smaller amounts are used in dentistry the making of glass and porcelain, in dyes, in medicine; and in other industries.
– Generally found in veins or reefs of quartz and sometime associated with iron & Copper sulphides.
– Gold occurs in nature as native gold. It may be found as a constituent of solid rock (a lode deposit), as flakes, grains, or nuggets of native gold in sands and gravels (a placer deposit) eroded from the original merit-rock.
– Shaft tunnel mining is required in the first case, whereas placer mining is used in the second. Rich gold ores may contain 4 to 6 ounces of gold per tonne.
– Occurance
a) Karnataka- Kolar Gold field/KGF (since 1871 when mining first started in Ooregum mines, Marikuppam quartz vein bearing gold, Champion, Nandidroog, Mysore),Hutti, Topuldedi, wondalli.
b) Andhra Pradesh- Ramagiri Gold field (Anantapuram district).
c) Jharkhand- alluvial gold in the beds of Garra-Nadi, S-Koyel, Sanjai, Sona-Nadi, Subarnarekha rivers in Singhbhum district.
d) Kolar & Hutti goldfields all together produce 98% of total country production.
– Gold is used extensively for jewelley and many other articles, and smaller amounts are used in dentistry the making of glass and porcelain, in dyes, in medicine; and in other industries.
– Generally found in veins or reefs of quartz and sometime associated with iron & Copper sulphides.
– Gold occurs in nature as native gold. It may be found as a constituent of solid rock (a lode deposit), as flakes, grains, or nuggets of native gold in sands and gravels (a placer deposit) eroded from the original merit-rock.
– Shaft tunnel mining is required in the first case, whereas placer mining is used in the second. Rich gold ores may contain 4 to 6 ounces of gold per tonne.
– Occurance
a) Karnataka- Kolar Gold field/KGF (since 1871 when mining first started in Ooregum mines, Marikuppam quartz vein bearing gold, Champion, Nandidroog, Mysore),Hutti, Topuldedi, wondalli.
b) Andhra Pradesh- Ramagiri Gold field (Anantapuram district).
c) Jharkhand- alluvial gold in the beds of Garra-Nadi, S-Koyel, Sanjai, Sona-Nadi, Subarnarekha rivers in Singhbhum district.
d) Kolar & Hutti goldfields all together produce 98% of total country production.
• SILVER
– In Nature, silver mostly occurs as sulphides. It rarely occurs in pure form. It is often mixed with zinc blende, galena (lead), and copper pyrites.
– It is used for making coins, jewellery, and decorative items, in silver plating, electroplating, and in several other industries.
– Occurance
a) Produced as by product during the smelting of galana, also produced from lead ore of Kurnool, Cuddapah and Guntur of Andhra, Singhbhum & Ranchi of Jharkhand and Vadodara of Gujarat. Quartzites of Mysore gold field and cupriferous pyrites of Chitradurga are also yield some amount of silver.
– In Nature, silver mostly occurs as sulphides. It rarely occurs in pure form. It is often mixed with zinc blende, galena (lead), and copper pyrites.
– It is used for making coins, jewellery, and decorative items, in silver plating, electroplating, and in several other industries.
– Occurance
a) Produced as by product during the smelting of galana, also produced from lead ore of Kurnool, Cuddapah and Guntur of Andhra, Singhbhum & Ranchi of Jharkhand and Vadodara of Gujarat. Quartzites of Mysore gold field and cupriferous pyrites of Chitradurga are also yield some amount of silver.
• MICA
– There are several kinds of mica, important being muscovite (white colour), phlogopite (yellow colour), and biotite (black coloured).
– The two important ores found in India are Muscovite and Biotite.
– It is non conductor therefore, makes an ideal electrical insulator. It is used in the electrical industry and hardly has it had a substitute.
– Occurance
a) Jharkhand- A belt existing over 150 km in length and 20-22 km in width from Gaya in west through Hajaribag and Mungar districts to Bhargalpur districts in the east; Kodarma, Damchanch, Maenodils, Parsabad, Tisri, Mohesari, Chakai are the main centres. Kodarma is the world largest Mica market. Ruby – mica & Bangal- mica,which is of high quality is found in Jharkhand.
b) Andhra Pradesh- Gudur , Sangam & Nellore are the main producing regions of Green- mica, also called Electrical- mica (lightest of all types).
c) Rajasthan- chief mining centres are Barla, Naukhand. Sohlenwara, Barani, Palmin in Tonk and Jaipur districts. Bhilwara is also the important centre. In Rajasthan green or pink colour high quality mica is found.
– There are several kinds of mica, important being muscovite (white colour), phlogopite (yellow colour), and biotite (black coloured).
– The two important ores found in India are Muscovite and Biotite.
– It is non conductor therefore, makes an ideal electrical insulator. It is used in the electrical industry and hardly has it had a substitute.
– Occurance
a) Jharkhand- A belt existing over 150 km in length and 20-22 km in width from Gaya in west through Hajaribag and Mungar districts to Bhargalpur districts in the east; Kodarma, Damchanch, Maenodils, Parsabad, Tisri, Mohesari, Chakai are the main centres. Kodarma is the world largest Mica market. Ruby – mica & Bangal- mica,which is of high quality is found in Jharkhand.
b) Andhra Pradesh- Gudur , Sangam & Nellore are the main producing regions of Green- mica, also called Electrical- mica (lightest of all types).
c) Rajasthan- chief mining centres are Barla, Naukhand. Sohlenwara, Barani, Palmin in Tonk and Jaipur districts. Bhilwara is also the important centre. In Rajasthan green or pink colour high quality mica is found.
• LIMESTIONE
– Consumption of limestone in the country: Cement industry 67% (of higher silica content limestone); Iron & steel industry – 16% and Chemical industry- 4%.
– Types of Limestone and their Distribution
– Consumption of limestone in the country: Cement industry 67% (of higher silica content limestone); Iron & steel industry – 16% and Chemical industry- 4%.
– Types of Limestone and their Distribution
A. Cement-Grade Limestone
a) Andhra Pradesh – (13 of total reserves)- Cuddapah, Guntur, Krishna, Khammam, Kurnool, Godavari
b) Karnataka-(1/3 of total reserves) Gulbarga, Bija-pur, Shimoga.
c) Gujarat- (13% of total reserves)- Junagarh, Amreli, Kutch, Banas- Kantha, Surat.
d) Rajasthan – (6% of total reserves) – Ajmer, Jaipur, Pali, Madhopur, Banswara, Jodhpur, Bundi
a) Andhra Pradesh – (13 of total reserves)- Cuddapah, Guntur, Krishna, Khammam, Kurnool, Godavari
b) Karnataka-(1/3 of total reserves) Gulbarga, Bija-pur, Shimoga.
c) Gujarat- (13% of total reserves)- Junagarh, Amreli, Kutch, Banas- Kantha, Surat.
d) Rajasthan – (6% of total reserves) – Ajmer, Jaipur, Pali, Madhopur, Banswara, Jodhpur, Bundi
B. Flux-Grade Limestone
a) M.P- (36% of the total reserves)- Belaspur, Jabalpur, Rewa, Satna, Raipur.
b) Meghalaya- (30% of the total reserves) Khasi & Jaintia Hillls.
a) M.P- (36% of the total reserves)- Belaspur, Jabalpur, Rewa, Satna, Raipur.
b) Meghalaya- (30% of the total reserves) Khasi & Jaintia Hillls.
• ASBESTOS
– Cryostile and Amphibole varieties of asbestos are found in India.
– Asbestos has the fibrous structure and has a great economic importance as it has the capacity to be separated quickly into fine filaments of high tensile strength and its great resistance to fire.
– State-wise Production as % of total production – Rajasthan> Andhra > Karnataka.
– Occurrence
a) Rajasthan- Ajmer, Bhilwara, Dungarpur, Pali, Sirohi, Udaipur.
b) Karnataka- Gopalpur, Mavinhalli, Hassan, Mandya, Shimoga, Chikmanglur.
c) Andhra Pradesh- Cudapah, Anantapur, Mehbubnagar.
d) Jharkhand- Singhbhum, West Bengal, Purulia.
– Cryostile and Amphibole varieties of asbestos are found in India.
– Asbestos has the fibrous structure and has a great economic importance as it has the capacity to be separated quickly into fine filaments of high tensile strength and its great resistance to fire.
– State-wise Production as % of total production – Rajasthan> Andhra > Karnataka.
– Occurrence
a) Rajasthan- Ajmer, Bhilwara, Dungarpur, Pali, Sirohi, Udaipur.
b) Karnataka- Gopalpur, Mavinhalli, Hassan, Mandya, Shimoga, Chikmanglur.
c) Andhra Pradesh- Cudapah, Anantapur, Mehbubnagar.
d) Jharkhand- Singhbhum, West Bengal, Purulia.
• SILLIMANITE
– Used in the manufacturing of bricks, refracting fitting for the electrical appliances.
– Occurrence
a) Meghalaya- Sonapahar, Nagpur, Nangbain in the Nongtoin area.
b) M.P.- Sidhi & Reewa.
c) Maharashtra- Bhawara, Nagpur.
d) T.N.- Coimbatore, South Arcot.
e) Kerala- Palghat, Kottayam.
– Used in the manufacturing of bricks, refracting fitting for the electrical appliances.
– Occurrence
a) Meghalaya- Sonapahar, Nagpur, Nangbain in the Nongtoin area.
b) M.P.- Sidhi & Reewa.
c) Maharashtra- Bhawara, Nagpur.
d) T.N.- Coimbatore, South Arcot.
e) Kerala- Palghat, Kottayam.
• KYANITE
– India has the largest reserves of Kyanite in the world.
– Occurrence
a) Jharkhand- A belt extending from Lapsa Buru to Kharasawan in Saraikala. with the important mines at Lapsa-Buru, Ghagidih, Bachia- Bakro & Mauy aluka.
b) Maharashtra- Pahergaon & Pipalgaon in Sakohi Tehsil and Gorkha- Buranga and Asvalpain in Bhandara districts.
– India has the largest reserves of Kyanite in the world.
– Occurrence
a) Jharkhand- A belt extending from Lapsa Buru to Kharasawan in Saraikala. with the important mines at Lapsa-Buru, Ghagidih, Bachia- Bakro & Mauy aluka.
b) Maharashtra- Pahergaon & Pipalgaon in Sakohi Tehsil and Gorkha- Buranga and Asvalpain in Bhandara districts.
• SALT
– About 75% of total salt produced in India is manufactured from saline sea- water by the process of solar evaporation.
– Production as % of total production-Gujarat> T.N.>Rajasthan.
– Occurrence India
a) Sea-salt- Mithapur, Jamnagar, Dharsana, Okha, Bulsar in Gujarat; Bhandrup, Uran, Bhayandar in Maharashtra; Madras & Taticorin in T.N.
b) Salt- lake- Sambhar, Didwana, Pachbhadra, Lankaesara lakes in Rajasthan.
c) Rock-salt- mined at present in Mandi District at Drang & Guna in Himachal Pradesh.
– About 75% of total salt produced in India is manufactured from saline sea- water by the process of solar evaporation.
– Production as % of total production-Gujarat> T.N.>Rajasthan.
– Occurrence India
a) Sea-salt- Mithapur, Jamnagar, Dharsana, Okha, Bulsar in Gujarat; Bhandrup, Uran, Bhayandar in Maharashtra; Madras & Taticorin in T.N.
b) Salt- lake- Sambhar, Didwana, Pachbhadra, Lankaesara lakes in Rajasthan.
c) Rock-salt- mined at present in Mandi District at Drang & Guna in Himachal Pradesh.
• RARE-EARTHS
– In the South-west tip of India on the Kerala and T.N. cost,an extremely rich minerals like Ilmenite and Monazite.
– Ilmenite- from Quilon to Kanyakumari
– Ilmenite and Rutire are by- products in the extraction of monazites.
– In the South-west tip of India on the Kerala and T.N. cost,an extremely rich minerals like Ilmenite and Monazite.
– Ilmenite- from Quilon to Kanyakumari
– Ilmenite and Rutire are by- products in the extraction of monazites.
Problems posed by mineral resources
• Depletion of Mineral
• Rapidly growing mining activity has rendered large agricultural tracts almost useless.
• Miners have to work under most hazardous conditions.
• Many mineral producing areas lead to air and water pollution.
• Huge displacement of tribal people.
• Depletion of Mineral
• Rapidly growing mining activity has rendered large agricultural tracts almost useless.
• Miners have to work under most hazardous conditions.
• Many mineral producing areas lead to air and water pollution.
• Huge displacement of tribal people.
Conservation of mineral resources
• New researches should be undertaken to find out and develop replacement minerals for use in place of scarce minerals which are in short supply and are going to be depleted soon.
• Researches should be carried on to develop new technology which should avoid wastage and promote maximum utilization of by- products
• There should be curbing on wastage mining methods that deplete the environment too
• Use of alternate sources of energy like solar energy, hydroelectric energy, etc.
• Walking on a path that leads to sustainable development.
• Use of renewable sources of energy.
• Avoid over-exploitation of the mineral resources.
• Use of biogas as a fuel for cooking instead of the non-renewable sources of energy.
• New researches should be undertaken to find out and develop replacement minerals for use in place of scarce minerals which are in short supply and are going to be depleted soon.
• Researches should be carried on to develop new technology which should avoid wastage and promote maximum utilization of by- products
• There should be curbing on wastage mining methods that deplete the environment too
• Use of alternate sources of energy like solar energy, hydroelectric energy, etc.
• Walking on a path that leads to sustainable development.
• Use of renewable sources of energy.
• Avoid over-exploitation of the mineral resources.
• Use of biogas as a fuel for cooking instead of the non-renewable sources of energy.
Sustainable mining
Sustainable mining is defined as “Mining that is financially viable; socially responsible; environmentally, technically and scientifically sound; with a long term view of development; uses mineral resources optimally; and, ensures sustainable post-closure land uses. Also one based on creating long-term, genuine, mutually beneficial partnerships between government, communities and miners, based on integrity, cooperation and transparency”.
It includes:
• Mining operations that have a broad-based social license to operate- creating lasting social and economic wealth which will outlast the life of the mine.
• Environmentally, technically and scientifically sound implying proper management of natural resources.
• Uses mineral resources optimally.
Sustainable mining is defined as “Mining that is financially viable; socially responsible; environmentally, technically and scientifically sound; with a long term view of development; uses mineral resources optimally; and, ensures sustainable post-closure land uses. Also one based on creating long-term, genuine, mutually beneficial partnerships between government, communities and miners, based on integrity, cooperation and transparency”.
It includes:
• Mining operations that have a broad-based social license to operate- creating lasting social and economic wealth which will outlast the life of the mine.
• Environmentally, technically and scientifically sound implying proper management of natural resources.
• Uses mineral resources optimally.
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